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            <div class="post-toc animated"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">缘起</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Docker-%E6%98%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Docker 是基于什么</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Namespaces"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Namespaces</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Control-groups"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">Control groups</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Union-file-systems"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Union file systems</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Container-format"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Container format</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CLOSE-WAIT-%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">CLOSE_WAIT 状态</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#elasticsearch-%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">elasticsearch 集群中的节点类型</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#jvm-%E5%A0%86%E7%9A%84-32G-%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">jvm 堆的 32G 内存问题</span></a></li></ol></div>
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          几个问题
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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><h2 id="缘起"><a href="#缘起" class="headerlink" title="缘起"></a>缘起</h2><p>没啥可说的，面试被问了几个问题，感觉当时答的不太好，事后查了下文档，特此记录下。</p>
<h2 id="Docker-是基于什么"><a href="#Docker-是基于什么" class="headerlink" title="Docker 是基于什么"></a>Docker 是基于什么</h2><p>我理解是问 Docker 技术的底层原理是什么。</p>
<p>先看看 Docker 官方是怎么说的：</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/#the-underlying-technology">The underlying technology（(Docker 的）底层技术）</a></p>
<span id="more"></span>

<p>里面提到了四个方面：</p>
<ul>
<li>Namespaces</li>
<li>Control groups</li>
<li>Union file systems</li>
<li>Container format</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Namespaces"><a href="#Namespaces" class="headerlink" title="Namespaces"></a>Namespaces</h3><p>这个其实就是 Linux 本身就支持的东西，Linux 支持 8 种 namespace(来自于 NAMESPACES 的 manual)：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Namespace</th>
<th>Flag</th>
<th>Page</th>
<th>Isolates</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Cgroup</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWCGROUP</td>
<td>cgroup_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Cgroup root directory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IPC</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWIPC</td>
<td>ipc_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>System V IPC, POSIX message queues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Network</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWNET</td>
<td>network_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Network devices, stacks, ports, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mount</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWNS</td>
<td>mount_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Mount points</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PID</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWPID</td>
<td>pid_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Process IDs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Time</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWTIME</td>
<td>time_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Boot and monotonic clocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>User</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWUSER</td>
<td>user_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>User and group IDs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UTS</td>
<td>CLONE_NEWUTS</td>
<td>uts_namespaces(7)</td>
<td>Hostname and NIS domain name</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Docker 用到了其中的 2、3、4、5、8 五种 namespaces</p>
<h3 id="Control-groups"><a href="#Control-groups" class="headerlink" title="Control groups"></a>Control groups</h3><p>这其实就是 cgroups，这也是 Linux kernel 就支持的一种技术</p>
<h3 id="Union-file-systems"><a href="#Union-file-systems" class="headerlink" title="Union file systems"></a>Union file systems</h3><p>这也就是 UnionFS，它可以把各个目录的内容挂载到同一个目录下。它的功能很复杂，Docker 的文件系统分层的架构就是由它实现的。</p>
<h3 id="Container-format"><a href="#Container-format" class="headerlink" title="Container format"></a>Container format</h3><p>文档上说 Docker 引擎把 namespaces、cgroups 和 UnionFS 组装到一个叫包装器的东西，就是 Container format，Docker 里缺省的叫 libcontainer，现在好像叫 runc 了。</p>
<h2 id="CLOSE-WAIT-状态"><a href="#CLOSE-WAIT-状态" class="headerlink" title="CLOSE_WAIT 状态"></a>CLOSE_WAIT 状态</h2><p>这个其实稍稍冷静下来画画状态迁移图就能想起来：被动关闭 tcp 连接的一方进入的第一个状态就是 CLOSE_WAIT，在这个状态里会通知应用层：对端过来发数据的通道已关闭，己方有数据要往对端发的赶紧发：），接下来应用发完剩下的数据后，会给对端再发 Fin，同时进入 LASK_ACK 状态，收到对端回的 ACK 后变成 CLOSED 状态。</p>
<h2 id="elasticsearch-集群中的节点类型"><a href="#elasticsearch-集群中的节点类型" class="headerlink" title="elasticsearch 集群中的节点类型"></a>elasticsearch 集群中的节点类型</h2><p>这个其实不是面试题，只是我想到了，就贴在这里。官方文档在这里：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/6.8/modules-node.html">ES 集群里的各种节点</a></p>
<ol>
<li>Master-eligible node<br> 这也就是传说中的 Master node，主节点。</li>
<li>Data node<br> 数据节点，没啥好解释的。</li>
<li>Ingest node<br> 翻译叫预处理节点字面上可能不太对，但意思是合适的，就是在数据写入或做 index 之前的预处理，像 pipeline 啥的</li>
<li>Tribe node<br> 这个也简单，译作部落节点完全是字面翻译，其实理解为这是可以连接多个 elasticsearch 集群的节点就对了.</li>
<li>Machine learning node<br> 机器学习节点，这个需要在大开了 xpark.ml.enabled 和 node.ml 之后才会有，我们一般的场景用不到。</li>
<li>Coordinating node<br> 协调节点，老版本中也有叫客户端节点（Client node）的。所有的节点都是协调节点，当然也可以单独配置独立的协调节点。客户端读写 elasticsearch 都是先连的协调节点。协调节点把请求分发到合适的节点，收集返回的数据处理完毕再返回给客户端。官方文档貌似不建议使用单独的协调节点，认为数据节点可以同时做好协调节点的工作。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="jvm-堆的-32G-内存问题"><a href="#jvm-堆的-32G-内存问题" class="headerlink" title="jvm 堆的 32G 内存问题"></a>jvm 堆的 32G 内存问题</h2><p>简言之，当 jvm 堆的内存在 32G 以内时，系统会启用一个内存对象指针压缩技术，将内存对象指针（64 位）压缩；但当大于 32G 时，这个压缩技术不启用，系统必须使用 64 位的指针，导致内存浪费增大，而且大内存对于 GC 时也会更容易导致问题。</p>

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